Bread Consumption in Georgia

Bread is considered one of the most important food products in Georgia, with its consumption level significantly represented in everyday household expenses. According to 2024 data, an average of 350 tons of bread is baked daily in Tbilisi, reflecting the high demand for bread in the capital. The Georgian Bread Producers Association reports that of this amount, 120 tons are traditional “tonis puri” (bread baked in a clay oven), while the rest is factory-produced.

In Tbilisi, the primary types of bread consumed are “tonis puri” and factory-produced bread, with the main type being the so-called “batoni-style” bread, which weighs 500 grams and is priced between 0.90 and 1.1 GEL. The residents of Tbilisi prefer types of bread that are affordable and convenient for everyday use. Bread is considered one of the most stable food products, ensuring its accessibility to consumers.

The level of bread consumption in different countries depends on dietary culture, economic conditions, and product availability. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the average annual bread consumption per capita in Europe ranges from 50 to 80 kilograms, depending on the country and dietary traditions. For example, in Turkey, where bread consumption is among the highest, approximately 104 kilograms of bread is consumed annually per capita, making it the highest level in Europe. This indicates that bread remains a staple food product in Turkey.

In Georgia, bread consumption per capita is about 300 grams per day, equivalent to approximately 109 kilograms annually. This figure is closer to the level in Turkey and suggests that bread continues to be one of the most demanded food products in the country. By comparison, bread consumption in Germany is about 55-60 kilograms per capita annually, while in France, it is around 58 kilograms. These differences reflect various cultural dietary traditions and attitudes towards bread.

In highly developed countries like Germany and France, bread consumption is lower, possibly due to the availability of other alternative products, including low-carb diets and the popularity of healthy eating. In these countries, the types of bread are also different and diverse, ranging from traditional baguettes to gluten-free and organic bread. For instance, in France, bread consumption holds a special cultural place, though its quantitative consumption has decreased in recent years due to the growing popularity of a healthy lifestyle.

Bread production in Tbilisi is quite diverse, offering a wide range of bread types. Of the 350 tons of bread baked daily, 120 tons are traditional “tonis puri,” while the rest is factory-produced. This indicates that residents of Tbilisi have a significant interest in both traditional and modern types of bread. “Tonis puri” is especially popular for its unique taste and texture, which holds an important place in Georgian culinary tradition.

It is noteworthy that Tbilisi also offers premium types of bread, which are more expensive. Gluten-free, diabetic, and other specialty breads are priced between 9 and 23 GEL, indicating that consumers are interested in alternative and healthier products as well. However, the most common and affordable bread remains the 500-gram “batoni-style” loaf, which meets daily needs.

Bread remains a staple of daily nutrition in Georgia, especially in Tbilisi, where 350 tons of bread are baked each day. This consumption level indicates not only the preservation of dietary traditions but also the significant economic role of bread. Bread consumption per capita in Georgia is approximately 109 kilograms per year, which is relatively high compared to European countries such as Germany and France.

In the future, Georgia’s bread market may become even more diverse, including more health-beneficial and alternative products. With the rise in public awareness, demand for gluten-free and other specific dietary breads is expected to grow, which is already somewhat evident in the Tbilisi market. In line with global trends, Georgia could see increased diversity in bread quality and availability, allowing consumers to better meet their needs and preferences.

Trends in Clothing Production in Georgia and the Global Export Market

The export of clothing produced in Georgia has been developing at an increasing rate in recent years. In January-July 2024, Georgia exported textile materials and products worth $117.6 million, significantly exceeding the figures for the same period in 2023 ($109.4 million). However, this figure falls short of the record set in 2022, when exports reached $123.7 million. This growth indicates the potential of Georgia’s clothing production sector and its growing economic importance.

In January-July 2024, Georgia primarily exported clothing products to countries such as Turkey, Poland, the Czech Republic, Russia, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The list of top export destinations includes Turkey ($86.8 million), Poland ($6.1 million), the Czech Republic ($4.7 million), Russia ($4.2 million), Italy ($2.7 million), and the United Kingdom ($2.6 million). These figures suggest that Georgian-made clothing is gaining popularity in the international market, particularly in the European Union and the Middle East.

Turkey holds a special place among the export destinations, which is influenced not only by geographical proximity but also by strong economic ties. Similarly, EU countries such as Poland, the Czech Republic, and Italy represent important markets for Georgia, reflecting the ability of Georgian producers to maintain European quality standards and production efficiency.

The global clothing production sector is continuously evolving and focusing on the adoption of innovative approaches. The global textile industry is increasingly turning to sustainable production methods in response to environmental protection requirements and growing consumer awareness. For instance, the use of sustainable materials, implementation of resource-saving technologies, and transition to eco-friendly production models are significantly affecting industry dynamics. As a result, consumer demand for environmentally friendly and ethically produced goods is growing.

In 2024, the global clothing production market was valued at $1.6 trillion, with an annual growth rate of 4.5% (source: Statista). This growth trend is primarily driven by the development of production in Asian and African countries, where labor costs are relatively low. Countries like Bangladesh, Vietnam, and China continue to lead in clothing production by volume; however, developing countries, including Georgia, are actively seeking to carve out their own niche in the global market.

Clothing production in Georgia is still in an early stage of development, but the increasing export volume shows that this sector holds significant economic potential. Georgia’s geographical location and free trade agreements with Europe and neighboring countries enable it to further develop exports and increase its share in the global market. Forecasts suggest that by 2028, the export of Georgian-made textiles could reach $150-170 million, representing annual growth of around 4-6%.

The growth of clothing production will also contribute to increased employment in Georgia. Preliminary estimates suggest that the clothing production sector could employ between 15,000 and 20,000 new workers over the next five years. This is particularly important in the regions, where the opening of new factories and the creation of employment opportunities will help strengthen the local economy and improve living standards.

Clothing production in Georgia brings significant economic benefits in terms of both export revenues and increased local employment. As of 2024, export volumes are approaching record levels, indicating growing international demand for Georgian-made clothing. This sector plays an important role in diversifying the country’s economy and increasing employment opportunities.

In the future, the clothing production sector could develop further with investments in sustainable and innovative technologies. Georgia can leverage its geographical location and free trade agreements to boost exports and achieve success in the global market. As a result, the country’s economy will become more stable and sustainable, and employment opportunities for its population will increase, making it a key factor in Georgia’s economic development.